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Severe suffering
What is it?
What can cause it?
How to reduce it?
Ethical issues
Resources
Severe models and procedures
Cumulative severity
Mortality
Experimental confounds
Refinement
Welfare Assessment
Humane Endpoints
Road Map
Case Studies
Meetings
Reports
Road map resources
Links
  • ALS in mice

    Case history 1 (ALS): Changes to welfare assessment and application of refinement help to reduce suffering in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

  • Cuprizone in mice

    Case history 2 (cuprizone): Use of imaging techniques and additional refinements reduce severity from severe to mild in a model of demyelination.

  • Fungal infection in mice

    Case history 3 (fungal): Development of an early humane endpoint in a model of fungal infection.

  • Rheumatoid arthritis in mice

    Case history 4 (RA): Adoption of a range of refinements combine to reduce suffering in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis.